Manikin FIALA-FE Validation

Validation - Manikin (Fiala-FE)

More information in Validation-Manual

Passive System Validation

Cylindric body element with metabolism and blood perfusion

Dead man in a cold environment (10°C)

Thermal Neutrality Validation

Naked Manikin

Active System Validation

Changing environment 28-18-28°C

Changing environment 28-48-28°C

Cool environment at 10°C

Naked manikin - 1 hr exposure - wide range of environmental conditions







Passive System Validation

Cylindric body element with metabolism and blood perfusion

System and boundary conditions

Quantity Value Units Description
Tinit 0 °C
wbl 0.005 ml / cm3*s Basal values for blood perfusion
qm 600 W / m3 Basal values for metabolic rate
k 0.42 W / m*K Conductivity
ρ 1085 kg / m3 Density
c 3768 J / kg*K Heat capacitance
Tbla 37 °C Fixed aterial blood temperature
R 5.48 cm Radius
BE 1 Number of body elements
System

Fig. 1: System

Comparison of predicted muscle tissue temperature in a leg-cylinder with exact analytically derived values following the instantaneous introduction of a high blood flow and metabolic heat. The prediction time step was 10 minutes. Results from D. FIALA's simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 3.8, [1].

 

Results

Tissue temperature, radius 5.48 cm

Fig. 2: Tissue temperature, radius 5.48 cm
  Top

Dead man in a cold environment (10°C)

System and boundary conditions

Quantity Value Units Description
Tinit 37 °C Initial temperatur of the abdomen
wbl 0 ml / cm3*s Basal values for blood perfusion
εw 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 10 °C Ambient temperature
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 30 % Environment air relative humidity
BE 1 Number of body elements

Comparison of simulated rectal temperature with results presented in literature [2], [3]. Switching metabolism and blood perfusion off inside the dead man, heat transport takes place only via conduction in the human abdomen.

Results

Rectal temperature vs. time

Fig. 3: Rectal temperature vs. time
Temperature distribution vs. radius

Fig. 4: Temperature distribution vs. radius
  Top  





Thermal Neutrality Validation

Naked Manikin

System and boundary conditions

Quantity Value Units Description
act 0.8 met Activity
εw 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 30 °C Ambient temperature
va 0.05 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 40 % Environment air relative humidity
BE 10 Number of body elements
System

Fig. 5: System

Results

PhD thesis Fiala [1], THESEUS-FE

Quantity Value Value Units Description
Wght 73.50 73.53 kg Body weight
Body Fat 14.00 14.44 % Fat/body-mass ratio
Ask 1.90 1.86 m2 Skin surface area
CardOut 4.90 4.89 ltr / min Cardiac output
Mbas,0 87.10 87.13 W Basal metabolism
Tsk,m 34.40 34.42 °C Mean skin temperature
Tmsc,m 36.20 36.02 °C Mean muscle temperature
Thy 37.00 36.89 °C Head core (hypothalamus) temperature
Tre 36.88 36.79 °C Abdomen core (rectal) temperature
hc,m 2.70 2.66 W / m2*K Mean convective heat transfer coefficient
hr,m 5.00 4.50 W / m2*K Mean radiative heat transfer coeeficient
Qsk 78.50 78.20 W Skin heat loss
Qsk,c 21.50 21.83 W Heat loss by convection
Qsk,r 38.90 36.94 W Heat loss by (long wave) radiation
Qsk,e 18.10 19.43 W Heat loss by skin evaporation
Qrsp 8.50 8.93 W Heat loss by respiration
Qsum 87.00 87.13 W Sum of heat losses
  Top  





Active System Validation

Changing environment 28-18-28°C

System and boundary conditions

Quantity Value Units Description
act 1.15 met Activity
εw 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 40 % Environment air relative humidity
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons

Exposure to sudden changes in ambient temperature of Ta = 28-18-28 °C investigated by HARDY et al. [4].

System

Fig. 6: System

Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at Ta = 22 °C and act = 2.5 met. The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.

Results

Mean skin temperature

Fig. 7: Mean skin temperature
Metabolism

Fig. 8: Metabolism


Rectal temperature

Fig. 9: Rectal temperature
Comparison of comfort indices

Fig. 10: Comparison of comfort indices
  Top  

Changing environment 28-48-28°C

System and boundary conditions

Quantity Value Units Description
act 1.0 met Activity
εw 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons

Exposure to sudden changes in ambient temperature of Ta = 28-48-28 °C investigated by STOLWIJK et al. [5].

System

Fig. 11: System

Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at Ta = 29 °C and act = 2.0 met. The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.

Results

Mean skin temperature

Fig. 12: Mean skin temperature
Evaporation heat loss

Fig. 13: Evaporation heat loss


Rectal temperature

Fig. 14: Rectal temperature
Comparison of comfort indices

Fig. 15: Comparison of comfort indices
  Top  

Cool environment at 10°C

System and boundary conditions

Quantity Value Units Description
act 0.8 met Activity
εw 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 67 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 4 Number of test persons

Exposure to an environment of Ta = 10 °C investigated by BUDD et al. [6].

System

Fig. 16: System

Results

Mean skin temperature

Fig. 17: Mean skin temperature
Metabolism

Fig. 18: Metabolism


Shoulder temperature

Fig. 19: Shoulder temperature
Arm temperature

Fig. 20: Arm temperature


Abdomen temperature

Fig. 21: Abdomen temperature
Deviation from inital value

Fig. 22: Deviation from inital value
  Top  

Naked manikin - 1 hr exposure - wide range of environmental conditions

System and boundary conditions

Quantity Value Units Description
act 1 met Activity
εw 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 30 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n ≥3 Number of test persons

Skin temperature, body core temperature and regulatory responses as measured and as predicted by the model over a wide range of environmental conditions [7], [4]. Each data point represents a separate 1-hr exposure to the particular ambient temperature.

Results

Mean skin temperature, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures

Fig. 23: Mean skin temperature, after 1hr exposure
at different ambient temperatures
Extra metabolism, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures

Fig. 24: Extra metabolism, after 1hr exposure
at different ambient temperatures


Rectal temperature, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures

Fig. 25: Rectal temperature, after 1hr exposure
at different ambient temperatures
Evaporation, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures

Fig. 26: Evaporation, after 1hr exposure
at different ambient temperatures
  Top

 

Bibliography

[1] FIALA D. Dynamic simulation of human heat transfer and thermal comfort. PhD thesis. De Montfort University, Leicester. 1998
[2] HENSSGE, C., MADEA, B., Methoden zur Bestimmung der Todeszeit an Leichen, Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 133-201, 1988.
[3] ECKL, M. ,Temperaturgestützte Todeszeitschätzung bei nur partiell bekannten Umgebungsbedingungen, PhD thesis, LMU Munich, 2004.
[4] HARDY J.D., and J.A.J. STOLWIJK. Partitional calorimetric studies of man during exposures to thermal transients. J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 21, pp. 1799-1806, 1966.
[5] STOLWIJK J.A.J., and J.D. HARDY. Partitioned calorimetric studies of responses of man to thermal transients. J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 21, pp. 967-977, 1966.
[6] BUDD, G.M., and N. WARHAFT. Body temperature, shivering, blood pressure and heart rate during a standard cold stress in Australia and Antarctica. J. Physiol. (London), vol. 186, pp. 216-232, 1966.
[7] GAGGE A.P., J.A.J. STOLWIJK, and J.D. HARDY. Comfort and the thermal sensation and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures. Environmental Research 1, pp. 1-20, 1967.